Assessment of temperature and time on the survivability of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) on experimentally contaminated surfaces.

Fomites might be responsible for virus introduction in swine farms, highlighting the importance of implementing practices to minimize the probability of virus introduction. The study's objective was to assess the efficacy of different combinations of temperatures and holding-times on detecting live PRRSV and PEDV on surfaces commonly found in supply entry rooms in swine farms. Two PRRSV isolates (MN 184 and 1-4-4 L1C variant) and one PEDV isolate (NC 49469/2013) were inoculated on cardboard and aluminum. An experimental study tested combinations of four temperatures (20°C, 30°C, 40°C, and 50°C) and six holding-times (15 minutes, 60 minutes, 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, and 36 hours) for the presence of the viruses on each surface type. After virus titration, virus presence was assessed by assessing the cytopathic effects and immunofluorescence staining. The titers were expressed as log10 TCID50/ml, and regression models; half-lives equations were calculated to assess differences between treatments and time to not detect the live virus. The results suggest that the minimum time that surfaces should be held to not detect the virus at 30°C was 24 hours, 40°C required 12 hours, and 50°C required 6 hours; aluminum surfaces took longer to reach the desired temperature compared to cardboard. The results suggest that PRRSV 1-4-4 L1C variant had higher half-lives at higher temperatures than PRRSV MN 184. In conclusion, time and temperature combinations effectively decrease the concentration of PRRSV and PEDV on different surfaces found in supply entry rooms in swine farms.

Prevalence and Characterization of External Cervical Resorption Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of external cervical resorption (ECR) and characterize the cases of ECR using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). METHODS: High-resolution CBCT scans of 6216 patients (2280 males and 3936 females), consecutively acquired during the period July 2021 to March 2022, were analyzed. Identified cases of ECR were characterized by 3 evaluators regarding lesion height, circumferential spread, portal of entry proximity to root canal, stage, location, and width. RESULTS: In a total of 38 patients and 40 teeth, ECR cases demonstrated an incidence of 0.61%. The median age of the patients was 39 years. Prevalence of ERC was 0.78% among males and 0.50% among females. The most affected teeth were the maxillary incisors and canines. The most frequent characteristics of the lesion were: extension up to the cervical third (47.5%), more than 270° circumferential spread (42.55%), probable pulpal involvement (57.5%), progressive stage (65%), supracrestal (52.1%) and mesial (34.7%) localization of >1 mm in size (52.1%) portals of entry. Cases with greater longitudinal involvement also showed greater circumferential progression (P = .008). There was no association between portal of entry location and bone crest or ECR reparative phase (P = .42). Inter-rater agreement ranged from good to very good. No association between portal of entry and ECR progression was observed. CONCLUSIONS: ECR showed low prevalence in the Brazilian population, affecting mostly anterior maxillary teeth of patients within a wide age range. CBCT allowed characterization of ECR lesions with good interobserver agreement.

Differential expression of Cadherins switch and Caveolin-2 during stages of oral carcinogenesis.

Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) accounts for 90% of oral malignancies, which may be preceded by oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs). Cancer progression involves the downregulation of epithelial markers (E-cadherin) and the upregulation of mesenchymal markers (N-cadherin), which together characterise the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Furthermore, caveolin can act on cell adhesion and migration events that regulate the expression of the E-cadherin/α-ß-catenin complex, thus favouring aggressive biological behaviour. This study aimed to analyse the immunoexpression of E-cadherin, N-cadherin and caveolin-2 at different stages of oral carcinogenesis to identify reliable biomarkers to predict malignant potential. Methods: Expressions of E-cadherin and N-cadherin in 14 normal oral mucosae (NOM), 14 OPMD and 33 OSCC specimens were evaluated using immunohistochemistry. Clinicopathological parameters were also assessed. Results: E-cadherin immunoexpression was significantly reduced during the progression of oral carcinogenesis (P = 0.0018). N-cadherin immunoexpression did not show any statistical differences between these groups. However, a representative number of N-cadherin-positive OSCC cases did not express E-cadherin. The expression of caveolin-2 increased significantly with the progression of the disease, from NOM to OSCC (P value: 0.0028). Conclusion: These findings indicate that cadherin switch and caveolin-2 immunoexpression may be regulatory events in oral carcinogenesis.

A cross-sectional assessment of PRRSV nucleic acid detection by RT-qPCR in serum, ear-vein blood swabs, nasal swabs, and oral swabs from weaning-age pigs under field conditions.

Introduction: The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) continues to challenge swine production in the US and most parts of the world. Effective PRRSV surveillance in swine herds can be challenging, especially because the virus can persist and sustain a very low prevalence. Although weaning-age pigs are a strategic subpopulation in the surveillance of PRRSV in breeding herds, very few sample types have been validated and characterized for surveillance of this subpopulation. The objectives of this study, therefore, were to compare PRRSV RNA detection rates in serum, oral swabs (OS), nasal swabs (NS), ear-vein blood swabs (ES), and family oral fluids (FOF) obtained from weaning-age pigs and to assess the effect of litter-level pooling on the reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) detection of PRRSV RNA. Methods: Three eligible PRRSV-positive herds in the Midwestern USA were selected for this study. 666 pigs across 55 litters were sampled for serum, NS, ES, OS, and FOF. RT-qPCR tests were done on these samples individually and on the litter-level pools of the swabs. Litter-level pools of each swab sample type were made by combining equal volumes of each swab taken from the pigs within a litter. Results: Ninety-six piglets distributed across 22 litters were positive by PRRSV RT-qPCR on serum, 80 piglets distributed across 15 litters were positive on ES, 80 piglets distributed across 17 litters were positive on OS, and 72 piglets distributed across 14 litters were positive on NS. Cohen's kappa analyses showed near-perfect agreement between all paired ES, OS, NS, and serum comparisons (). The serum RT-qPCR cycle threshold values (Ct) strongly predicted PRRSV detection in swab samples. There was a ≥ 95% probability of PRRSV detection in ES-, OS-, and NS pools when the proportion of positive swab samples was ≥ 23%, ≥ 27%, and ≥ 26%, respectively. Discussion: ES, NS, and OS can be used as surveillance samples for detecting PRRSV RNA by RT-qPCR in weaning-age pigs. The minimum number of piglets to be sampled by serum, ES, OS, and NS to be 95% confident of detecting ≥ 1 infected piglet when PRRSV prevalence is ≥ 10% is 30, 36, 36, and 40, respectively.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus RNA detection in tongue tips from dead animals.

The control of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) hinges on monitoring and surveillance. The objective of this study was to assess PRRSV RNA detection by RT-PCR in tongue tips from dead suckling piglets compared to serum samples, processing fluids, and family oral fluids. Tongue tips and serum samples were collected from three PRRSV-positive breeding herd farms (farms A, B, and C) of three different age groups: newborns (<24 h), processing (2 to 7 days of age), and weaning (18 to 22 days of age). Additionally, processing fluids and family oral fluids were collected from 2-7 days of age and weaning age, respectively. In farms A and B, PRRSV RNA was detected in tongue tips from all age groups (100 and 95%, respectively). In addition, PRRSV RNA was detected in pooled serum samples (42 and 27%), processing fluids (100 and 50%), and family oral fluids (11 and 22%). Interestingly, the average Ct value from tongue tips was numerically lower than the average Ct value from serum samples in the newborn age. In farm C, PRRSV RNA was only detected in serum samples (60%) and family oral fluids (43%), both from the weaning age. Further, no PRRSV RNA was detected in tongue tips when pooled serum samples from the same age group tested PRRSV RNA-negative. Taken together, these results demonstrate the potential value of tongue tips for PRRSV monitoring and surveillance.

O brincar no processo de elaboração da separação materna na Educação Infantil / Playing in the process of elaboration of maternal separation in Child Education

O artigo propõe uma discussão acerca do brincar no processo de elaboração da separação materna a partir da entrada da criança na Educação Infantil. Foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa, por meio de 20 observações, inspiradas no Método Bick de Observação, em frequência semanal, com duração de uma hora cada. As observações ocorreram na sala de aula de uma turma de Educação Infantil, em um município do interior do Rio Grande do Sul. Os resultados indicaram que o brincar revelou-se um importante recurso, na medida em que pôde auxiliar as crianças na elaboração do processo de separação no qual elas vivenciaram ao entrar no espaço escolar, e que foram reproduzidas ao longo do processo de adaptação. Nesse sentido, a compreensão do(a) educador(a) a respeito do brincar é fundamental, na medida em que possibilita um maior entendimento a respeito do processo de elaboração vivido por cada criança.(AU)

The article proposes a discussion about playing in the process of elaborating the separation of the mother from the entrance of the child in Early Childhood Education. A qualitative research was carried out, through 20 observations, inspired by the Infant Observation, in weekly frequency, lasting one hour each. The observations occurred in the classroom of Early Childhood Education, in a municipal district of the interior of Rio Grande do Sul. The results indicated that playing is an important resource, as it helped children in the elaboration the experience of separation that they experienced when entering the school space, and which were reproduced throughout the process of adaptation. In this sense, the educator's understanding of the issues involved in play is essential, as it allows a greater understanding of the process of elaboration of each child.(AU)

Diagnóstico e tratamento de sífilis durante a gestação: desafio para enfermeiras? / Diagnosis and treatment of syphilis during pregnancy: a challenge for nurses?

Identificar dificuldades ou facilidades que enfermeiras (os) encontram para realizar o tratamento da sífilis na gestante e em seus parceiros sexuais. Pesquisa exploratória, descritiva e qualitativa. Participaram 29 enfermeiras que atuam em Unidades Básicas de Saúde e responderam a um questionário. A maioria (86%) das enfermeiras realiza o teste rápido, recruta parceiros sexuais das gestantes para realizar o teste e 62% responderam que administram penicilina benzatina na própria unidade para o tratamento; a oferta do teste rápido na própria unidade e a agilidade de retorno do resultado do exame foram relatadas como principais facilidades encontradas; as dificuldades foram a adesão do parceiro ao tratamento seguido da falta de comprometimento da gestante para seguir o tratamento. O objetivo foi alcançado e ainda são necessários avanços no tratamento da sífilis a ser realizado pela enfermeira na totalidade dos casos, no que diz respeito à prescrição da penicilina e seu uso nas UBS, e no acolhimento do casal para controle da sífilis na gestação.

Identification of difficulties or facilities that nurses have to copy with in the treatment of syphilis in pregnant women and their partners. Current exploratory, descriptive and qualitative research involved 29 nurses from Basic Health Units who answered a questionnaire. Results: most (86%) nurses applied the fast test and called partners of the pregnant women for tests; 62% answered they applied benzamine penicillin at the health unit; applying the fast test at the health unit and return agility of exam result were reported as main benefits; difficulties consisted of adhesion of partner and the lack of compromise by the pregnant female to follow the treatment. Aim was reached but several items in the treatment of syphilis should be upgraded, especially the prescription of penicillin and its use in a health unit and the acceptance of the couple for the control of syphilis in pregnancy.

Bullying escolar na perspectiva dos professores / School bullying from the teacher's perspective / Bullying escolar desde la perspectiva de los profesores

Bullying é um fenômeno caracterizado por atos de violência física ou verbal, que ocorrem de forma repetitiva e intencional. O objetivo deste artigo é discutir a concepção de bullying escolar, na perspectiva de professores de uma escola privada da região sul do Brasil. Dez professores participaram de uma entrevista semiestruturada, que foi gravada e, posteriormente, transcrita. Foi realizada uma análise de conteúdo que gerou eixos temáticos de discussão. Os resultados apontam para a importância de olhar para o sujeito aluno e professor, de modo a incorporar nas práticas pedagógicas mais ações de observação e escuta. Assim, professores e alunos devem ter um espaço de fala e escuta, para que o bullying não passe despercebido. O estudo também sugere a importância do trabalho da Psicologia no ambiente escolar, no sentido de assegurar um espaço saudável no campo das relações professor-aluno, professor-professor, aluno-aluno.(AU)

Bullying is a phenomenon characterized by acts of physical violence or verbal abuse that occur repeatedly and intentionally. The aim of this paper is to discuss the concept of school bullying from the perspective of the teachers of a private school in Brazil. Ten teachers participated in a semi structured interview, which was recorded and subsequently transcribed. A content analysis was performed, leading to different main topics for discussion. Results highlight the importance of looking at student and teacher, with the incorporation of more acts of observation and listening into pedagogical practices. Thus, teachers and students should have a space where they can speak and be listen, so that bullying does not go unnoticed. The study also suggests the importance of the work of Psychology in the school setting to ensure a healthy space in terms of teacher-student, teacher-teacher and student-student relationships.(AU)

Bullying es un fenómeno caracterizado por actos de violencia física o verbal, que ocurren de manera repetitiva e intencional. El objetivo de este artículo es discutir la concepción de bullying escolar, desde la perspectiva de profesores de una escuela privada de Brasil. Diez profesores participaron de una entrevista semi-estructurada, que fue grabada y posteriormente transcrita. Se realizó un análisis de contenido que generó ejes temáticos de discusión. Los resultados apuntan para la importancia de mirar alumno y profesor, de modo a incorporar en las prácticas pedagógicas más acciones de observación y escucha. Así, profesores y alumnos deben tener un espacio de habla y escucha, para que el bullying no pase desapercibido. El estudio también sugiere la importancia del trabajo de la Psicología en el ambiente escolar, en el sentido de asegurar un espacio sano en el campo de las relaciones profesor-alumno, profesor-profesor, alumno-alumno.(AU)

Resinas compostas: alterações dimensionais em função da composição e do método de irradiação de luz / Resin composites: dimensional changes in relation to composition and polymerization methods

Objetivo: Avaliar e comparar a força de contração de polimerização de duas resinas compostas (microhíbrida e de preenchimento em bloco "bulk fill") utilizando dois métodos de polimerização (uniforme contínua "convencional" e pulso tardio). Material e método: Quarenta corpos de prova (CP) foram confeccionados (6x1x2mm), sendo 20 CP com a resina composta de preenchimento em bloco "bulk fill" x-tra fil (VOCO) e 20 CP com a resina micro-híbrida Filtek Z250 (3M ESPE). Para cada resina composta a ser testada metade dos corpos de prova (10 CP) foram fotopolimerizados pela técnica convencional [40s contínuos] e a outra metade (10 CP) com a técnica de irradiação pulso tardio [5s, seguida de 1 min de intervalo e mais 35s]. A fotopolimerização foi realizada com fonte de luz LED com 1250 mW/cm². A força de contração, em Newtons (N) foi considerada como o valor registrado pela máquina de ensaios, 2 min após o início da aplicação da luz no CP. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise estatística descritiva, ANOVA a dois critérios e Tukey (P<0,05). Resultados: Diferenças estatisticamente significativas foram observadas para as resinas compostas testadas (P<0,001) e para os métodos de polimerização (P=0,001). Conclusões: A técnica de fotopolimerização convencional e a resina composta microhíbrida produziram menor força de contração de polimerização.

Objective: Evaluating and comparing the polymerization contraction force of two composite resins (microhybrid and bulk fill) using two different methods of polymerization (conventional - continuous uniform and late pulse). Material and methods: 40 specimens (CP) were made (6x1x2mm). 20 CP were made with the bulk fill composite resin x-tra fil (VOCO) and 20 CP with the FiltekZ250 (3M ESPE) microhybrid resin. For each composite resin to be tested half of the specimens (10 CP) was photopolymerized by the conventional technique [40s continuous] and the other half (10 CP) by the late pulse irradiation technique [5s, followed by 1 min interval, and 35s]. The photopolymerization was performed with a 1250 mW/cm² LED light source. The force of contraction, in Newtons (N) was considered as the value recorded by the test machine, 2 min after the beginning of the application of the light in the CP. Data were submitted to descriptive statistical analysis, ANOVA at two criteria, and Tukey (P <0.05). Results: Statistically significant differences were observed for the composite resins tested (P <0.001) and for the polymerization methods (P = 0.001). Conclusion: The conventional photopolymerization technique and the microhybrid composite resin produced a smaller polymerization contraction force.

Prognostic Value of Coronary Flow Reserve Obtained on Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography and its Correlation with Target Heart Rate / Valor Prognóstico da Reserva de Fluxo Coronariano Obtida Durante o Ecocardiograma sob Estresse com Dobutamina e sua Correlação com a Frequência Cardíaca Alvo

Abstract Background: Normal coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) (≥ 2) obtained in the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) from transthoracic echocardiography is associated with a good prognosis, but there is no study correlating CFVR with submaximal target heart rate (HR). Objective: To evaluate the prognostic value of CFVR obtained in the LAD of patients with preserved (>50%) left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) who completed a dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE), considering target HR. Methods: Prospective study of patients with preserved LVEF and CFVR obtained in the LAD who completed DSE. In Group I (GI = 31), normal CFVR was obtained before achieving target HR, and, in Group II (GII = 28), after that. Group III (G III=24) reached target HR, but CFVR was abnormal. Death, acute coronary insufficiency, coronary intervention, coronary angiography without further intervention, and hospitalization were considered events. Results: In 28 ± 4 months, there were 18 (21.6%) events: 6% (2/31) in GI, 18% (5/28) in GII, and 46% (11/24) in GIII. There were 4 (4.8%) deaths, 6 (7.2%) coronary interventions and 8 (9.6%) coronary angiographies without further intervention. In event-free survival by regression analysis, GIII had more events than GI (p < 0.001) and GII (p < 0.045), with no difference between GI and GII (p = 0.160). After adjustment, the only difference was between GIII and GI (p = 0.012). Conclusion: In patients with preserved LVEF and who completed their DSE, normal CFVR obtained before achieving target HR was associated with better prognosis.

Resumo Fundamento: A reserva de velocidade de fluxo coronariano (RVFC) adequada (≥ 2) obtida na artéria descendente anterior (ADA) através do ecocardiograma transtorácico associa-se a bom prognóstico, mas não há estudo correlacionando-a com a frequência cardíaca (FC) alvo (submáxima). Objetivo: Avaliar o valor prognóstico da RVFC obtida na ADA de pacientes com fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) preservada (>50%) e ecocardiograma sob estresse com dobutamina (EED) concluído, considerando a FC alvo submáxima. Métodos: studo prospectivo de pacientes com FEVE preservada e RVFC obtida na ADA durante EED concluído. No Grupo I (GI=31), a RVFC adequada foi obtida antes de se atingir a FC alvo, e no Grupo II (G II=28), após. O Grupo III (G III=24) atingiu a FC alvo, mas a RVFC foi inadequada. Foram considerados eventos: óbito, insuficiência coronariana aguda, intervenção coronariana, coronariografia sem intervenção subsequente e internamento hospitalar. Resultados: Em 28 ± 4 meses, ocorreram 18 (21,6%) eventos, sendo 6% (2/31) no GI, 18% (5/28) no GII e 46% (11/24) no GIII. Foram 4 (4,8%) óbitos, 6 (7,2%) intervenções coronarianas e 8 (9,6%) coronariografias sem intervenção subsequente. Na sobrevida livre de eventos pela análise de regressão, GIII apresentou mais eventos do que GI (p < 0,001) ou GII (p < 0,045), não havendo diferença entre GI e GII (p = 0,160). Após o ajustamento, foi mantida a diferença apenas entre GIII e GI (p = 0,012). Conclusão: Em pacientes com FEVE preservada e EED concluído, a RVFC adequada obtida antes da FC alvo associou-se ao melhor prognóstico.

Prognostic Value of Coronary Flow Reserve Obtained on Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography and its Correlation with Target Heart Rate.

BACKGROUND:: Normal coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) (≥ 2) obtained in the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) from transthoracic echocardiography is associated with a good prognosis, but there is no study correlating CFVR with submaximal target heart rate (HR). OBJECTIVE:: To evaluate the prognostic value of CFVR obtained in the LAD of patients with preserved (>50%) left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) who completed a dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE), considering target HR. METHODS:: Prospective study of patients with preserved LVEF and CFVR obtained in the LAD who completed DSE. In Group I (GI = 31), normal CFVR was obtained before achieving target HR, and, in Group II (GII = 28), after that. Group III (G III=24) reached target HR, but CFVR was abnormal. Death, acute coronary insufficiency, coronary intervention, coronary angiography without further intervention, and hospitalization were considered events. RESULTS:: In 28 ± 4 months, there were 18 (21.6%) events: 6% (2/31) in GI, 18% (5/28) in GII, and 46% (11/24) in GIII. There were 4 (4.8%) deaths, 6 (7.2%) coronary interventions and 8 (9.6%) coronary angiographies without further intervention. In event-free survival by regression analysis, GIII had more events than GI (p < 0.001) and GII (p < 0.045), with no difference between GI and GII (p = 0.160). After adjustment, the only difference was between GIII and GI (p = 0.012). CONCLUSION:: In patients with preserved LVEF and who completed their DSE, normal CFVR obtained before achieving target HR was associated with better prognosis. FUNDAMENTO:: A reserva de velocidade de fluxo coronariano (RVFC) adequada (≥ 2) obtida na artéria descendente anterior (ADA) através do ecocardiograma transtorácico associa-se a bom prognóstico, mas não há estudo correlacionando-a com a frequência cardíaca (FC) alvo (submáxima). OBJETIVO:: Avaliar o valor prognóstico da RVFC obtida na ADA de pacientes com fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) preservada (>50%) e ecocardiograma sob estresse com dobutamina (EED) concluído, considerando a FC alvo submáxima. MÉTODOS:: studo prospectivo de pacientes com FEVE preservada e RVFC obtida na ADA durante EED concluído. No Grupo I (GI=31), a RVFC adequada foi obtida antes de se atingir a FC alvo, e no Grupo II (G II=28), após. O Grupo III (G III=24) atingiu a FC alvo, mas a RVFC foi inadequada. Foram considerados eventos: óbito, insuficiência coronariana aguda, intervenção coronariana, coronariografia sem intervenção subsequente e internamento hospitalar. RESULTADOS:: Em 28 ± 4 meses, ocorreram 18 (21,6%) eventos, sendo 6% (2/31) no GI, 18% (5/28) no GII e 46% (11/24) no GIII. Foram 4 (4,8%) óbitos, 6 (7,2%) intervenções coronarianas e 8 (9,6%) coronariografias sem intervenção subsequente. Na sobrevida livre de eventos pela análise de regressão, GIII apresentou mais eventos do que GI (p < 0,001) ou GII (p < 0,045), não havendo diferença entre GI e GII (p = 0,160). Após o ajustamento, foi mantida a diferença apenas entre GIII e GI (p = 0,012). CONCLUSÃO:: Em pacientes com FEVE preservada e EED concluído, a RVFC adequada obtida antes da FC alvo associou-se ao melhor prognóstico.